Frameshifting
Programmed ribosomal frameshifting (PRF) is one of the multiple translational recoding processes that fundamentally alters triplet decoding of the messenger RNA by the elongating ribosome. The ability of the ribosome to change translational reading frames in the −1 direction (−1 PRF) is employed by many positive strand RNA viruses, including economically important plant viruses and many human pathogens, such as retroviruses, e.g., HIV-1, and coronaviruses, e.g., the causative agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), in order to properly express their genomes.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2670756/
Virus Res. 2009 Feb; 139(2): 193–208.
Published online 2008 Jul 25. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.06.008
PMCID: PMC2670756
NIHMSID: NIHMS99801
PMID: 18621088
Frameshifting RNA pseudoknots: Structure and mechanism
David P. Giedroca,⁎ and Peter V. Cornishb,⁎⁎
Author information Copyright and License information PMC Disclaimer
aDepartment of Chemistry, Indiana University, 212 S. Hawthorne Drive, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA
bDepartment of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 W. Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801-3080, USA
⁎Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 812 856 5449; fax: +1 812 856 5710.
⁎⁎Co-Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 217 244 7830; fax: +1 217 244 7187.
The paper spelled out this FrameShifting risk in Oct 2021. If the frameshifting occurs anywhere near the end of the sequence (3’UTR) you will skip over the stop codons and read into human peptides. Spike-Human peptides present an autoimmunity risk.